Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the questions.

Born in 1987, Kilian has been training for Everest his whole life. And that really does mean his whole life, as he grew up 2,000 metres above sea level in the Pyrenees in the ski resort of Lles de Cerdanya in Catalonia, north-eastern Spain. While other children his age were learning to walk, Kilian was on skis. At one and a half years old he did a five-hour hike with his mother, entirely under his own steam. He left his peers even further behind when he climbed his first mountain and competed in his first cross-country ski race at age three.

He was 13 when he says he started to take it 'seriously' and trained with the Ski Mountaineering Technical Centre (CTEMC) in Catalonia, entering competitions and working with a coach. At 18, he took over his own ski-mountaineering and trail-running training, with a schedule that only allows a couple of weeks of rest a year. He does as many as 1,140 hours of endurance training a year, plus strength training and technical workouts as well as specific training in the week before a race. For his record-breaking ascent and descent of the Matterhorn, he prepared by climbing the mountain ten times until he knew every detail of it, even including where the sun would be shining at every part of the day.

Sleeping only seven hours a night, Kilian Jornet seems almost superhuman. His resting heartbeat is extremely low at 33 beats per minute, compared with the average man's 60 per minute or an athlete's 40 per minute. He breathes more efficiently than average people too, taking in more oxygen per breath, and he has a much faster recovery time after exercise as his body quickly breaks down lactic acid – the acid in muscles that causes pain after exercise.

All this is thanks to his childhood in the mountains and to genetics, but it is his mental strength that sets him apart. He often sets himself challenges to see how long he can endure difficult conditions in order to truly understand what his body and mind can cope with. For example, he almost gave himself kidney failure after only drinking 3.5 litres of water on a 100km run in temperatures of around 40°C. It would take a book to list all the races and awards he's won and the mountains he's climbed. And even here, Kilian’s achievements exceed the average person as, somehow, he finds time to record his career on his blog and has written three books, Run or Die, The Invisible Border and Summits of My Life.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the questions.

Parents worry about whether their teenagers are getting enough sleep. Research studies suggest that teenagers are suffering an “epidemic of sleep deprivation” globally — one that will have long-term health impacts. So how much sleep do adolescents really need and how can parents help them achieve it? The first thing to understand is that teenagers are still growing and their brains are still developing — so they need more sleep than adults. Peers also influence teenagers more than they influence younger children. Increased social demands — in the form of online chat, social networking and web browsing — combine with greater academic pressures as children enter high school. At this age parents also tend to exert less control over teenagers’ bedtimes.

So what are optimal sleep times to support adolescent health? Experts reviewed 864 papers examining relationships between children’s sleep duration and health. They suggested that those between 13 and 18 years of age should sleep eight to 10 hours per 24 hours on a regular basis to promote optimal health. Unfortunately, worldwide studies show that in 53 per cent of cases, teenagers are getting less than eight hours of sleep per night on school days.

A lot of action takes place in teenage brains due to their developmental stage. During adolescence, there are major changes to thinking, emotions, behavior and interpersonal relationships. Changes to brain connections contribute to improvements in thinking abilities and changes in brain signaling. Shifts in balance between brain systems create a period where teens may take increased risks or engage in more reward seeking. Teenagers react a lot to stress and their stress-response systems are maturing. Sex hormones affect the neurotransmitters in their brains and increase their reactivity to stress. When we add inadequate sleep time to the picture there can be many implications. A recent review identified increased risk for suicide, being overweight, high rates of injury, poor sustained attention and low school grades for teens sleeping less than eight hours.

Teen drivers sleeping six or less hours per night on weekdays and on weekends reported riskier driving, sensation seeking and greater drug and alcohol intake than those sleeping more than six hours. Less than six hours per night of sleep time increased the teenagers’ risk for multiple vehicle crashes, after taking into account exposure to driving. There is also evidence that teens who sleep for more hours and have better quality sleep have a decreased risk for high blood pressure and cholesterol, insulin resistance and larger waist circumference than teens with shorter sleep times and lower sleep quality. This is after taking into account other risk factors such as body fat, physical activity, television viewing and diet quality.

Parents can work with teens to set bedtimes. They should encourage the use of beds only for sleep and for relaxing before sleeping. Using electronic technology before bed and during the night increases the risk for shorter sleep time. Research shows that physical activity and avoiding screens before bed are both strategies to promote earlier bedtimes and protect your teenagers’ sleep. Parents can support screen downtime before bedtime and through the night by parking phones at a charging pad away from bedrooms.

Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.

The urge to explore and discover new horizons has been a fundamental aspect of human nature for centuries. While traditional tourism may satisfy the desire to relax, adventure travel takes this instinct to a new level, urging individuals to seek thrills and (28) ____________ experiences in remote and challenging environments. Adventure travel is a niche within the broad spectrum of tourism that is (29) ____________ by its emphasis on excitement, exploration, and physical or mental challenges. Unlike traditional vacations that might involve leisurely sightseeing, adventure travel is all about stepping out of your comfort zone and immersing yourself in the (30) ____________. This type of travel often includes activities like hiking, rock climbing, kayaking, and skiing in locations far from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. Safety is paramount in adventure travel, given the (31) ____________ risks associated with challenging environments and activities. To ensure the well-being of (32) ____________ and enhance the overall experience, adventure tour operators play a crucial role. These professionals are equipped with the knowledge, experience, and resources to plan and execute successful adventures.