Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.
After more than fifteen years of negotiations and public campaigning, the Global Ocean Treaty entered into force in early 2026. For the first time, areas of the ocean beyond national jurisdiction are subject to an international framework intended to facilitate large-scale marine conservation. Environmental organisations view the agreement as a decisive shift, addressing decades of fragmented governance and limited oversight in the High Seas, where economic interests have often taken priority over ecological concerns.
Less than one percent of these waters is currently fully or highly protected. This regulatory gap has enabled industrial fishing and potential deep-sea mining activities to proceed with relatively few constraints. [I] The Treaty introduces a procedure allowing governments to designate marine protected areas in international waters. If applied ambitiously, such measures could safeguard over one-third of the global ocean, forming an unprecedented network of protected ecosystems.
The agreement’s relevance extends beyond biodiversity. Oceans absorb a significant share of global carbon emissions and help stabilise the planet’s climate systems, acting as a buffer against more extreme warming trends. Nearly half of Earth’s biodiversity exists beneath the waves, and billions depend on marine ecosystems for food security and economic stability. Protecting the High Seas is therefore closely linked to both environmental balance and human welfare.
[II] However, legal recognition alone does not ensure ecological recovery. Implementation will rely on political resolve, credible scientific assessment and cooperation among states. Proposals for protected zones must be supported by evidence-based evaluations and developed in consultation with affected communities. In the absence of effective monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, conservation commitments may lack practical impact.
Governments have pledged to protect 30 percent of the world’s oceans by 2030 – a target commonly known as “30x30.” [III] Achieving this ambition requires identifying ecologically critical regions and limiting extractive activities accordingly. The first Conference of the Parties (COP) will influence how obligations are interpreted and applied in practice.
[IV] The Treaty signals progress in international environmental diplomacy. Whether it ultimately reshapes ocean governance will depend on the extent to which states convert formal commitments into sustained action.
Less than one percent of these waters is currently fully or highly protected. This regulatory gap has enabled industrial fishing and potential deep-sea mining activities to proceed with relatively few constraints. [I] The Treaty introduces a procedure allowing governments to designate marine protected areas in international waters. If applied ambitiously, such measures could safeguard over one-third of the global ocean, forming an unprecedented network of protected ecosystems.
The agreement’s relevance extends beyond biodiversity. Oceans absorb a significant share of global carbon emissions and help stabilise the planet’s climate systems, acting as a buffer against more extreme warming trends. Nearly half of Earth’s biodiversity exists beneath the waves, and billions depend on marine ecosystems for food security and economic stability. Protecting the High Seas is therefore closely linked to both environmental balance and human welfare.
[II] However, legal recognition alone does not ensure ecological recovery. Implementation will rely on political resolve, credible scientific assessment and cooperation among states. Proposals for protected zones must be supported by evidence-based evaluations and developed in consultation with affected communities. In the absence of effective monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, conservation commitments may lack practical impact.
Governments have pledged to protect 30 percent of the world’s oceans by 2030 – a target commonly known as “30x30.” [III] Achieving this ambition requires identifying ecologically critical regions and limiting extractive activities accordingly. The first Conference of the Parties (COP) will influence how obligations are interpreted and applied in practice.
[IV] The Treaty signals progress in international environmental diplomacy. Whether it ultimately reshapes ocean governance will depend on the extent to which states convert formal commitments into sustained action.
(Adapted from https://www.greenpeace.org.uk)
Câu 1 [0]: According to paragraph 1, the Global Ocean Treaty represents a turning point mainly because it ______.
A, places environmental organisations in charge of ocean conservation
B, establishes a global system to better govern activities in the High Seas
C, replaces fragmented national regulations with a single global law
D, removes economic interests from decision-making in international waters
Đáp án: B
Câu 2 [0]: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?
A, Industrial fishing has already been effectively controlled in most international marine areas.
B, International waters are already widely protected under existing global conservation frameworks.
C, Deep-sea mining has become the dominant economic activity across international waters.
D, The Treaty aims to address regulatory gaps that allowed extensive exploitation of international waters.
Đáp án: D
Câu 3 [0]: Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage as a function of the oceans?
A, Producing renewable marine energy
B, Regulating planetary climate systems
C, Absorbing global carbon emissions
D, Supporting marine biodiversity worldwide
Đáp án: A
Câu 4 [0]: The word constraints in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.
A, opportunities
B, advantages
C, restrictions
D, expansions
Đáp án: C
Câu 5 [0]: The phrase such measures in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A, industrial fishing operations
B, extractive marine industries
C, regulatory gaps in governance
D, the creation of marine protected areas
Đáp án: D
Câu 6 [0]: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?
A, Safeguarding international waters contributes to ecological and human stability.
B, Human welfare depends only on economic development.
C, Climate stability can be achieved without marine conservation efforts.
D, Ocean protection is primarily a wildlife conservation concern.
Đáp án: A
Câu 7 [0]: According to paragraph 4, successful implementation of the Treaty requires __________.
A, cooperation among states, credible scientific assessment, and sustained political commitment
B, automatic enforcement mechanisms established through binding international legal frameworks
C, substantial financial investment from multinational corporations involved in marine industries
D, immediate ecological recovery across protected international marine ecosystems worldwide
Đáp án: A
Câu 8 [0]: It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A, the Treaty’s practical impact may differ depending on how governments prioritise national interests
B, effective marine conservation requires limiting all economic activities in the High Seas
C, the 30x30 target establishes a shared framework that promotes uniform implementation among states
D, formal legal recognition by itself is sufficient to ensure ecological recovery in international waters
Đáp án: A
Câu 9 [0]: Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?
“At the same time, disagreements over how far economic activities should be restricted in order to meet this target may make such decisions harder to make.”
“At the same time, disagreements over how far economic activities should be restricted in order to meet this target may make such decisions harder to make.”
A, [III]
B, [I]
C, [IV]
D, [II]
Đáp án: A
Câu 10 [0]: Which of the following best summarises the passage?
A, The governance of the High Seas continues to face structural challenges that complicate effective international regulation.
B, International marine agreements often appear ambitious, yet their practical impact may remain limited without enforcement.
C, The Global Ocean Treaty represents diplomatic progress, but its long-term impact depends on sustained political commitment.
D, Ocean protection efforts frequently encounter resistance when economic interests and development priorities are at stake.
Đáp án: C
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 15.
Consumers are often encouraged to support businesses that present themselves as environmentally responsible. Public discussion has largely focused on greenwashing, in which companies exaggerate their environmental achievements in order to gain public approval. Yet researchers have also identified a contrasting practice known as brownwashing. (11) ______. At first, this seems surprising, because companies usually benefit from appearing responsible and forward-looking.
(12) ______. Some businesses fear that strong green claims may attract criticism, closer scrutiny, or expectations they may not be able to meet later. This can be especially true when profits are uncertain, competition is intense, or environmental targets are difficult to maintain over time. Silence may therefore appear safer than praise. In such situations, (13) ______, firms may choose modest language or avoid discussing their environmental record in detail.
Brownwashing can create problems for consumers, investors, and policymakers. (14) ______, distinguishing genuine progress from weak environmental performance becomes more difficult. This reduces trust in sustainability reporting and may prevent responsible firms from receiving the recognition they deserve. At the same time, (15) ______. Environmental progress is often gradual and difficult to measure accurately, so careful wording may sometimes be reasonable. The real issue is whether a company is communicating cautiously or intentionally withholding favourable information.
(12) ______. Some businesses fear that strong green claims may attract criticism, closer scrutiny, or expectations they may not be able to meet later. This can be especially true when profits are uncertain, competition is intense, or environmental targets are difficult to maintain over time. Silence may therefore appear safer than praise. In such situations, (13) ______, firms may choose modest language or avoid discussing their environmental record in detail.
Brownwashing can create problems for consumers, investors, and policymakers. (14) ______, distinguishing genuine progress from weak environmental performance becomes more difficult. This reduces trust in sustainability reporting and may prevent responsible firms from receiving the recognition they deserve. At the same time, (15) ______. Environmental progress is often gradual and difficult to measure accurately, so careful wording may sometimes be reasonable. The real issue is whether a company is communicating cautiously or intentionally withholding favourable information.
(Adapted from https://news.umich.edu)
Câu 11 [0]:
A, Environmental achievements may occasionally be described in cautious or restrained language
B, The term refers to deliberately understating real environmental progress in company reports
C, Some firms emphasise long-term environmental goals rather than current measurable progress
D, Some companies frame sustainability strategies mainly as commitments for future improvement
Đáp án: B
Câu 12 [0]:
A, Environmental communication has become increasingly important in modern strategy
B, However, emphasising environmental success is not always risk-free for companies
C, For example, some firms highlight sustainability claims to improve public perception
D, In addition, environmental reporting has become an important tool for transparency
Đáp án: B
Câu 13 [0]:
A, although environmental transparency is increasingly promoted by advocacy groups
B, if publicising environmental success is likely to bring unwanted attention or pressure
C, because consumers increasingly expect clear evidence of sustainability commitments
D, unless investors demand more detailed information about environmental performance
Đáp án: B
Câu 14 [0]:
A, Supported by independent verification and consistent environmental reporting standards across industries
B, Driven by the need to improve transparency in corporate sustainability communication practices overall
C, By deliberately downplaying or omitting genuine environmental achievements in company reports
D, By presenting environmental data in a cautious and generally balanced manner across formal reports
Đáp án: C
Câu 15 [0]:
A, environmental reports may provide only partial insight into long-term sustainability outcomes
B, not every cautious statement about environmental progress should be considered deceptive
C, companies sometimes avoid strong environmental claims because legal risks may arise
D, some cautious statements about environmental progress are intended to mislead consumers
Đáp án: B
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 16 to 23.
As mobile devices have become the primary means through which many users access digital content, ensuring effective mobile usability has become a central concern for designers. Unlike desktop interfaces, mobile screens are significantly smaller and rely heavily on touch interaction rather than precise cursor control. This limitation requires designers to prioritise simplicity, clarity and intuitive navigation structures that reduce cognitive load and guide users efficiently across digital platforms.
One of the most common challenges in mobile design is overcrowding. When too many elements compete for attention on a limited screen, users may struggle to locate essential features quickly and accurately. Clear visual hierarchy, consistent layout patterns and readable typography can significantly enhance usability by directing attention to the most important content. Designers are therefore encouraged to eliminate unnecessary elements while maintaining functional balance and aesthetic consistency.
Navigation plays a particularly critical role in mobile usability. Because users cannot depend on large, multi-level menus, navigation systems must be streamlined and logically organised. Common solutions include simplified menu icons, fixed navigation bars and gesture-based controls that enable faster interaction. However, these tools must be implemented carefully, as hidden or unclear functions may frustrate users and reduce overall satisfaction.
Another crucial factor is performance speed. Mobile users typically expect immediate access to information, especially when browsing on the move. Slow loading times, heavy graphics or excessive animations can negatively affect engagement and increase abandonment rates. Optimising images, reducing background processes and ensuring responsive design across various devices are practical strategies that enhance user experience and long-term engagement.
Ultimately, successful mobile usability depends on understanding real user behaviour. By testing prototypes and analysing feedback, designers can identify obstacles and refine navigation systems accordingly. They can then adjust interface elements to better meet user expectations. In today’s mobile-driven environment, usability is no longer optional but essential for maintaining competitiveness and user loyalty.
One of the most common challenges in mobile design is overcrowding. When too many elements compete for attention on a limited screen, users may struggle to locate essential features quickly and accurately. Clear visual hierarchy, consistent layout patterns and readable typography can significantly enhance usability by directing attention to the most important content. Designers are therefore encouraged to eliminate unnecessary elements while maintaining functional balance and aesthetic consistency.
Navigation plays a particularly critical role in mobile usability. Because users cannot depend on large, multi-level menus, navigation systems must be streamlined and logically organised. Common solutions include simplified menu icons, fixed navigation bars and gesture-based controls that enable faster interaction. However, these tools must be implemented carefully, as hidden or unclear functions may frustrate users and reduce overall satisfaction.
Another crucial factor is performance speed. Mobile users typically expect immediate access to information, especially when browsing on the move. Slow loading times, heavy graphics or excessive animations can negatively affect engagement and increase abandonment rates. Optimising images, reducing background processes and ensuring responsive design across various devices are practical strategies that enhance user experience and long-term engagement.
Ultimately, successful mobile usability depends on understanding real user behaviour. By testing prototypes and analysing feedback, designers can identify obstacles and refine navigation systems accordingly. They can then adjust interface elements to better meet user expectations. In today’s mobile-driven environment, usability is no longer optional but essential for maintaining competitiveness and user loyalty.
(Adapted from https://consumersearch.com)
Câu 16 [0]: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to improve mobile usability?
A, Testing prototypes with users
B, Optimising performance speed
C, Expanding multi-level navigation systems
D, Maintaining clear visual hierarchy
Đáp án: C
Câu 17 [0]: The word streamlined in paragraph 3 can be best replaced by ______.
A, decorated
B, expanded
C, accelerated
D, simplified
Đáp án: D
Câu 18 [0]: The word abandonment in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A, withdrawal
B, hesitation
C, engagement
D, delay
Đáp án: C
Câu 19 [0]: The word They in paragraph 5 refers to ______.
A, navigation systems
B, mobile users
C, designers
D, digital platforms
Đáp án: C
Câu 20 [0]: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5?
A, User loyalty depends mainly on aesthetic presentation.
B, Visual appeal is more important than functionality.
C, Designers may treat usability as a secondary design concern.
D, Usability has become indispensable for competitive success in mobile markets.
Đáp án: D
Câu 21 [0]: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A, Performance speed has little impact on engagement.
B, Hidden navigation features may decrease user satisfaction.
C, Mobile users prefer complex menu systems.
D, Desktop interfaces function identically to mobile platforms.
Đáp án: B
Câu 22 [0]: Which paragraph mentions reducing cognitive strain during interaction?
A, Paragraph 2
B, Paragraph 1
C, Paragraph 3
D, Paragraph 4
Đáp án: B
Câu 23 [0]: Which paragraph refers to strategies aimed at preventing user disengagement?
A, Paragraph 4
B, Paragraph 2
C, Paragraph 5
D, Paragraph 3
Đáp án: A
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 24 to 28.
Câu 24 [0]:
a. Helen: No, it’s been extended until Friday.
b. Jason: That’s great news. Thanks for telling me.
c. Jason: Hi Helen, do you know if the project deadline is still tomorrow?
a. Helen: No, it’s been extended until Friday.
b. Jason: That’s great news. Thanks for telling me.
c. Jason: Hi Helen, do you know if the project deadline is still tomorrow?
A, c – a – b
B, c – b – a
C, b – a – c
D, b – c – a
Đáp án: A
Câu 25 [0]:
a. Tom: That’s impressive! I think small daily actions can make a big difference to the environment.
b. Anna: I try to reduce plastic waste by bringing my own shopping bags and water bottle.
c. Tom: Absolutely. Protecting the environment should be everyone’s responsibility.
d. Tom: You’re always involved in environmental activities. What do you usually do?
e. Anna: I agree. If more people changed their habits, we could reduce pollution significantly.
a. Tom: That’s impressive! I think small daily actions can make a big difference to the environment.
b. Anna: I try to reduce plastic waste by bringing my own shopping bags and water bottle.
c. Tom: Absolutely. Protecting the environment should be everyone’s responsibility.
d. Tom: You’re always involved in environmental activities. What do you usually do?
e. Anna: I agree. If more people changed their habits, we could reduce pollution significantly.
A, c – b – a – e – d
B, d – b – a – e – c
C, a – b – d – e – c
D, d – a – b – e – c
Đáp án: B
Câu 26 [0]:
Dear Ms Brown,
a. If you have already checked in online, please log in again to select a new departure time.
b. Your original flight on September 15th at 10:30 a.m. has been rescheduled to 2:45 p.m. on the same day.
c. We apologise for any inconvenience this change may cause and appreciate your understanding.
d. Should this new schedule be unsuitable, you may request a full refund or choose an alternative flight at no additional cost.
e. We are writing to inform you that due to operational adjustments, your upcoming flight has been affected.
Kind regards,
Skyline Airways
Dear Ms Brown,
a. If you have already checked in online, please log in again to select a new departure time.
b. Your original flight on September 15th at 10:30 a.m. has been rescheduled to 2:45 p.m. on the same day.
c. We apologise for any inconvenience this change may cause and appreciate your understanding.
d. Should this new schedule be unsuitable, you may request a full refund or choose an alternative flight at no additional cost.
e. We are writing to inform you that due to operational adjustments, your upcoming flight has been affected.
Kind regards,
Skyline Airways
A, b – a – e – d – c
B, e – b – d – a – c
C, b – e – a – d – c
D, e – d – b – a – c
Đáp án: B
Câu 27 [0]:
a. Gradually, through these demanding tasks and the interactions I had with the people we were helping, I began to realise that even relatively small contributions could have a meaningful impact on the well-being of an entire community.
b. During the summer break, I decided to sign up for a weekend volunteering programme at a local shelter, assuming that the experience would mainly involve simple tasks and would not require much effort or preparation.
c. However, once the programme actually began, preparing meals, organising donated clothes, and cleaning the facilities proved far more physically and emotionally demanding than I had originally expected.
d. Reflecting on the experience afterwards, I realised that those challenging moments had strengthened my sense of responsibility and significantly changed the way I viewed community service.
e. At the beginning, I underestimated how much time, patience, and teamwork would be required to complete even the most routine activities effectively.
a. Gradually, through these demanding tasks and the interactions I had with the people we were helping, I began to realise that even relatively small contributions could have a meaningful impact on the well-being of an entire community.
b. During the summer break, I decided to sign up for a weekend volunteering programme at a local shelter, assuming that the experience would mainly involve simple tasks and would not require much effort or preparation.
c. However, once the programme actually began, preparing meals, organising donated clothes, and cleaning the facilities proved far more physically and emotionally demanding than I had originally expected.
d. Reflecting on the experience afterwards, I realised that those challenging moments had strengthened my sense of responsibility and significantly changed the way I viewed community service.
e. At the beginning, I underestimated how much time, patience, and teamwork would be required to complete even the most routine activities effectively.
A, b – e – c – a – d
B, e – c – d – b – a
C, b – c – e – d – a
D, e – c – b – a – d
Đáp án: A
Câu 28 [0]:
a. As a result, the country has reduced its dependence on fossil fuels and strengthened its long-term energy security.
b. To address these concerns, the government has invested heavily in solar farms, wind power projects and modern energy storage systems.
c. Over the past decade, the nation has faced increasing pressure to cut carbon emissions and modernise its outdated power infrastructure.
d. These strategic initiatives have not only lowered greenhouse gas emissions but also created thousands of new jobs in the clean energy sector.
e. Recognising the urgency of climate change, policymakers have introduced a series of reforms to accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources.
a. As a result, the country has reduced its dependence on fossil fuels and strengthened its long-term energy security.
b. To address these concerns, the government has invested heavily in solar farms, wind power projects and modern energy storage systems.
c. Over the past decade, the nation has faced increasing pressure to cut carbon emissions and modernise its outdated power infrastructure.
d. These strategic initiatives have not only lowered greenhouse gas emissions but also created thousands of new jobs in the clean energy sector.
e. Recognising the urgency of climate change, policymakers have introduced a series of reforms to accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources.
A, c – e – d – b – a
B, e – b – c – a – d
C, c – e – b – d – a
D, e – c – b – a – d
Đáp án: C
Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 29 to 34.
Exercise and Alcohol: Understanding the Facts
Many people believe that regular exercise can (29) ______ the harmful effects of alcohol. Although physical activity improves fitness and heart health, it does not remove the risks (30) ______ drinking.
Studies show that exercise may support cardiovascular function, (31) ______ alcohol can still damage the liver and other vital organs. Being active does not “cancel out” excessive drinking.
To protect long-term health:
• Adopt a (32) ______ combining physical activity with responsible drinking.
• Maintain discipline and awareness.
• Review your drinking patterns and exercise habits by tracking the (33) ______ of units of alcohol you consume each week.
• Take a balanced approach in order to (34) ______ the overall risk of alcohol-related diseases, rather than expecting exercise alone to cancel out the effects of drinking.
Câu 29 [0]:
A, overlook
B, offset
C, excuse
D, postpone
Đáp án: B
Câu 30 [0]:
A, posed by
B, focused on
C, divided into
D, aimed at
Đáp án: A
Câu 31 [0]:
A, unless
B, so
C, because
D, but
Đáp án: D
Câu 32 [0]:
A, healthy plan lifestyle
B, lifestyle plan healthy
C, healthy lifestyle plan
D, lifestyle healthy plan
Đáp án: C
Câu 33 [0]:
A, rate
B, number
C, amount
D, level
Đáp án: B
Câu 34 [0]:
A, eliminate
B, minimise
C, dismiss
D, withstand
Đáp án: B
Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 35 to 40.
Earth Day 2026 – Our Power, Our Planet
Earth Day 2026 will take place on April 22nd under the theme “Our Power, Our Planet.” The campaign brings together individuals and organisations (35) ______ are committed to promoting renewable energy and sustainable development.
Participants may join one workshop on renewable energy and (36) ______ on waste reduction, depending on their interests.
By taking part in these events, they can make a meaningful (37) ______ to raising public awareness. Long-term sustainability depends on cooperation across different sectors.
The campaign also highlights clean energy solutions (38) ______ by scientists and environmental organisations. By working together, individuals can play a vital role in (39) ______ a greener future.
(40) ______ communities actively support these initiatives, they will help accelerate global climate action.
(Adapted from https://www.earthday.org)
Câu 35 [0]:
A, who
B, that
C, which
D, whose
Đáp án: B
Câu 36 [0]:
A, another
B, other
C, others
D, the other
Đáp án: A
Câu 37 [0]:
A, contribute
B, contributor
C, contribution
D, contributory
Đáp án: C
Câu 38 [0]:
A, developing
B, develop
C, have developed
D, developed
Đáp án: D
Câu 39 [0]:
A, making
B, taking
C, building
D, giving
Đáp án: C
Câu 40 [0]:
A, Were
B, Had
C, Should
D, Unless
Đáp án: C