Reading Comprehension 1
Lower back pain is extremely prevalent, affecting over 619 million people worldwide in 2020 according to a 2021 study in Lancet Rheumatology. Causes can include a lack of physical activity, injury or workplace stresses. Treating lower back pain with yoga or physical therapy is recommended by the Department of Health and Human Services and the American College of Physicians as noninvasive methods before exploring more pharmacological interventions such as surgery.
Yoga is a good option for back pain because of its focus on static poses and its variations for those who may need a chair or another mobility aid to perform the moves, said Robert Saper, chair of the department of wellness and preventive medicine at the Cleveland Clinic.
“We wanted to create a sequence of doable yoga poses for the individual who perhaps has never done yoga before, or who has multiple chronic conditions, or who is large,” he said that movement is crucial for pain management because it helps retrain the brain to understand which movements are safe to make, and it prevents muscle atrophy, said Marissa Lizotte, a senior physical therapist with Mass General Brigham.
Yoga’s specific focus on moving gradually into positions as well as its focus on balance and stability makes it well-suited to help with injury recovery, Lizotte said the postures can also trigger the parasympathetic nervous system, encouraging people to relax.
“The more our body can be in a parasympathetic response, the lower our pain will be, and if in that state regularly, strengthens the brain in the areas that modulate pain,” she said.
--> sai vì nghiên cứu xác định số người bị đau lưng dưới trên toàn thế giới của Lancet Rheumatology được thực hiện vào năm 2021 chứ không phải 2020.
--> sai vì theo đoạn 2, yoga hoặc các phương pháp không xâm lấn được khuyến nghị sử dụng trước.
--> đáp án phù hợp nhất vì trong bài viết, vật lý trị liệu và yoga được khuyến khích là phương pháp không xâm lấn để điều trị đau lưng dưới trước khi sử dụng các phương pháp khác như phẫu thuật.
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 2:
=> noninvasive ~ gentle
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 4:
=> Từ "it" đề cập đến "movement" được nhắc trước đó.
(A) và (B) không phù hợp vì bài viết mang tính nghiên cứu hơn là ý kiến cá nhân hay câu chuyện hư cấu.
=> Đáp án phù hợp nhất là (D).
Reading Comprehension 2
The safest approach is to keep only unexpired drugs in your household — especially when it comes to critical, life-saving medications like antibiotics, blood thinners, EpiPens, asthma rescue inhalers, insulin, and the like. The FDA recommends consumers regularly take stock of what they have on hand and toss expired medications. They also provide recommendations for how to safely dispose of different types of drugs.
That said, if you find yourself in an emergency where you only have an expired version of a life-saving medication and you can’t immediately get a fresh supply, use the medication you have - so long as it doesn’t delay getting the sick person emergency care. “If someone called me and asked me and said, ‘This is all I got and I’m having trouble breathing and all,’ I’d say, ‘Use it,’” says Lee Cantrell, a pharmacist and toxicologist working at the San Diego division of the California Poison Control System.
The truth is, experts say they do often use expired over-the-counter medications in nonemergency situations at home - if they have a kid with a cold, for instance. However, it’s not something they can recommend to others; there simply needs to be more rigorous testing of medications before they can give that kind of broadly applicable advice.
Reading Comprehension 3
Anxiety disorders, like other mental health conditions, result from a complex interaction of social, psychological and biological factors. Anyone can have an anxiety disorder, but people who have lived through abuse, severe losses or other adverse experiences are more likely to develop one.
Anxiety disorders are closely related to and affected by physical health. Many of the impacts of anxiety (such as physical tension, nervous system hyperactivity or harmful use of alcohol) are also known risk factors for diseases such as cardiovascular disease. In turn, people with these diseases may also find themselves experiencing anxiety disorders due to the difficulties associated with managing their conditions.
There are several effective treatments for anxiety disorders. Psychological interventions are essential treatments for anxiety disorders and refer primarily to talk therapy with professionals or supervised lay therapists. These interventions can help people learn new ways of thinking, coping or relating to their anxiety, to others or to the world. They can teach people how to face the situations, events, people or places that trigger their anxiety.
Psychological interventions can be provided to individuals or groups, in person or online. They may also be accessed through self-help manuals, websites and apps. The psychological interventions with the most evidence for treating a range of anxiety disorders are those based on principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy. These include exposure therapy, during which people learn to face their fears.
In addition, learning stress management skills, such as relaxation skills and mindfulness skills, can help reduce symptoms of anxiety disorders. Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can also be useful in treating adults with anxiety disorders. Health-care providers should keep in mind the possible adverse effects associated with antidepressant medication and individual preferences.
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 1:
=> Đáp án chính xác nhất là B.
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 2:
(Các chứng rối loạn lo âu, giống như các tình trạng sức khỏe tâm thần khác, là kết quả của sự tương tác phức tạp giữa các yếu tố (D) xã hội, (C) tâm lý và (A) sinh học. Bất kỳ ai cũng có thể mắc chứng rối loạn lo âu, nhưng những người đã trải qua sự ngược đãi, mất mát nghiêm trọng hoặc các trải nghiệm bất lợi khác có nhiều nguy cơ mắc chứng rối loạn này hơn.)
=> Không có thông tin C được đề cập.
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 5:
Anxiety disorders interfere with daily activities and can impair a person’s relationships, social interactions, and performance at work or school.
Trong ngữ cảnh văn bản, từ nào có nghĩa gần nhất với "interventions"?
(A) examinations /ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃənz/ (n): các cuộc kiểm tra, sự kiểm tra
(B) treatments /ˈtriːtmənts/ (n): phương pháp điều trị, sự điều trị
(C) reactions /riˈækʃənz/ (n): phản ứng, sự phản ứng
(D) suggestions /səˈdʒɛstʃənz/ (n): dề xuất, gợi ý
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 4, 5:
There are several effective treatments for anxiety disorders. Psychological interventions are essential treatments for anxiety disorders and refer primarily to talk therapy with professionals or supervised lay therapists. These interventions can help people learn new ways of thinking, coping or relating to their anxiety, to others or to the world. They can teach people how to face the situations, events, people or places that trigger their anxiety.
Psychological interventions can be provided to individuals or groups, in person or online. They may also be accessed through self-help manuals, websites and apps. The psychological interventions with the most evidence for treating a range of anxiety disorders are those based on principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy. These include exposure therapy, during which people learn to face their fears.
(Có nhiều phương pháp điều trị hiệu quả cho rối loạn lo âu. Can thiệp tâm lý là phương pháp điều trị thiết yếu cho rối loạn lo âu và chủ yếu là liệu pháp trò chuyện với các chuyên gia hoặc nhà trị liệu không chuyên nhưng có giám sát. Những can thiệp này có thể giúp mọi người học cách suy nghĩ, ứng phó hoặc liên hệ mới với sự lo lắng của họ, với người khác hoặc với thế giới. Chúng có thể dạy mọi người cách đối mặt với các tình huống, sự kiện, con người hoặc nơi gây ra sự lo lắng của họ.
Các can thiệp tâm lý có thể được cung cấp cho cá nhân hoặc nhóm, trực tiếp hoặc trực tuyến. Chúng cũng có thể được tiếp cận thông qua các hướng dẫn tự trợ giúp, trang web và ứng dụng. Các can thiệp tâm lý có nhiều bằng chứng nhất về việc điều trị nhiều loại rối loạn lo âu là những can thiệp dựa trên các nguyên tắc của liệu pháp nhận thức - hành vi. Chúng bao gồm liệu pháp tiếp xúc, trong đó mọi người học cách đối mặt với nỗi sợ hãi của mình.)
Ta có:
"Interventions" trong bài viết đề cập đến các phương pháp điều trị, can thiệp tâm lý. Vì vậy, từ "treatments" (điều trị) có nghĩa gần nhất.
Reading Comprehension 4
Aptly named The Quarter-life Crisis, this is a period of time in which twenty-something-year-olds suffer from "insecurity, doubt, and disappointment surrounding your career, relationships and financial situation", as described by clinical psychologist Alex Fowke. It is a sort of existential crisis, brought about by the feeling that you are not in control of things, and general worry about the future.
So why are adolescents in crisis mode these days? Best explained by Dr. Fowke: “Nowadays, twenty-somethings are under intense pressure to get themselves onto the housing market, navigate the increasingly complex professional landscape, struggle to maintain relationships and are commonly subjected to a distorted notion of life through social media,” This intense pressure can cause depression, anxiety, loss of sense of self, PTSD, all are indicative of a reaction to an existential crisis. Furthermore, according to the Journal of Vocational Behavior, the quarter-life crisis causes identity confusion, increasing the risk of developing depression, mood swings, and a lack of life satisfaction.
The best advice that can be offered is to listen to yourself. It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by work, your and others’ expectations and sometimes you’re just too close to see things clearly. Try taking a step back and reflect on your strengths, skills, interests, and values. Doing so might help to identify your core values, therefore you can visualize your ideal life, and take action to help reach that goal.
Perhaps most importantly, be sure to realize when you need help. Having social support is one of the most effective ways to navigate challenging transitions; it has a great impact on your happiness, well-being, and mental health. And if you believe you need professional help, counseling with a psychiatrist can do wonders.
Reading Comprehension 5
Today, in countries such as the US and Canada, new government restrictions on food production require food and beverage makers to attach Nutrition Fact labels to their products. These labels list daily recommendations and all the ingredients in a product, including trans fats, if they are used. In 2007, New York City banned trans fats from all restaurants, and studies suggest this has prevented hundreds of heart attacks and strokes. Even fast-food chains such as McDonald's have been forced to change their recipes as people become more health-conscious.
Fat is necessary in any diet, but there are three different types of fats: saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and trans fats. Doctors recommend that most fatty calories come from unsaturated fats. Neither butter nor margarine falls into this category, though other spreads like peanut butter do. Reading the list of ingredients on the label is a good way to avoid dangerous ingredients like trans fats. Another way is to avoid eating out, especially at fast food restaurants. When shopping, it is better to buy food from the fresh-food section and limit processed and packaged items. While it may not seem important for young people, the choices made now will affect health later in life. A healthier diet now means a longer, healthier life.
Reading Comprehension 6
Carbon monoxide is a harmful gas you inhale when you smoke. Once in your lungs, it is transferred to your bloodstream. Carbon monoxide decreases the amount of oxygen that is carried in the red blood cells. It also increases the amount of cholesterol that is deposited into the inner lining of the arteries which, over time, can cause the arteries to harden. This leads to heart disease, artery disease and possibly heart attack.
Next, nicotine is a dangerous and highly addictive chemical. It can cause an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, flow of blood to the heart and a narrowing of the arteries (vessels that carry blood). Nicotine may also contribute to the hardening of the arterial walls, which in turn, may lead to a heart attack. This chemical can stay in your body for six to eight hours depending on how often you smoke. Also, as with most addictive substances, there are some side effects of withdrawal. And some e-cigarettes and newer tobacco products deliver even more nicotine than traditional cigarettes.
However, smokers aren’t the only ones affected by tobacco smoke. Second-hand smoke and vapour is a serious health hazard for non-smokers, especially children. Non-smokers who have high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol have an even greater risk of developing heart diseases when they are exposed to second-hand smoke. Second-hand tobacco smoke contributes to thousands of premature heart disease and lung cancer deaths. Studies show that the risk of developing heart disease is about 25-30 per cent higher among people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home or work. Second-hand smoke promotes illness, too. Children of smokers have many more respiratory infections than do children of non-smokers.
Carbon monoxide is a harmful gas you inhale when you smoke. Once in your lungs, it is transferred to your bloodstream.
(Carbon monoxide (CO) là một loại khí độc mà bạn hít phải khi hút thuốc. Khi vào phổi, nó sẽ được chuyển vào máu.)
=> Từ "it" đề cập đến "Carbon monoxide" đã được nhắc đến trước đó.
(B) Tác động của nicotine lên nhịp tim và huyết áp
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 3:
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 2:
It also increases the amount of cholesterol that is deposited into the inner lining of the arteries which, (B) over time, can cause the arteries to harden.
(Nó cũng làm tăng lượng cholesterol tích tụ vào lớp trong của động mạch, (B) theo thời gian có thể làm động mạch cứng lại.)
=> Chọn đáp án B
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 3:
Next, nicotine is a dangerous and highly addictive chemical. It can cause an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, flow of blood to the heart and (C) a narrowing of the arteries (vessels that carry blood).
(Tiếp theo, nicotine là một hóa chất nguy hiểm và gây nghiện cao. Nó có thể làm tăng huyết áp, nhịp tim, lưu lượng máu đến tim và (C) làm hẹp động mạch (mạch máu dẫn máu).)
=> Chọn đáp án C.
Căn cứ vào thông tin trong đoạn 3:
Also, as with most addictive substances, there are some side effects of withdrawal.
(Ngoài ra, giống như hầu hết các chất gây nghiện, có một số tác dụng phụ khi cai thuốc. )
=> Chọn đáp án A
Reading Comprehension 7
Most widely used HIV diagnostic tests detect antibodies produced by a person as part of their immune response to fight HIV. In most cases, people develop antibodies to HIV within 28 days of infection. During this time, people are in the so-called “window period” when they have low levels of antibodies which cannot be detected by many rapid tests, but they may still transmit HIV to others. People who have had a recent high-risk exposure and test negative can have a further test after 28 days.
Following a positive diagnosis, people should be retested before they are enrolled in treatment and care to rule out any potential testing or reporting error. While testing for adolescents and adults has been made simple and efficient, this is not the case for babies born to HIV-positive mothers. For children less than 18 months of age, rapid antibody testing is not sufficient to identify HIV infection – virological testing must be provided as early as birth or at 6 weeks of age. New technologies are now available to perform this test at the point of care and enable same-day results, which will accelerate appropriate linkage with treatment and care.